Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are optical microchip systems with optical components utilizing light (or photons) for data transmission instead of electrons, which are the basis of traditional integrated circuits (ICs), also known as electronic integrated circuits (EICs). This fundamental shift from electronic to photonic signals enables data to be transferred at the speed of light, resulting in significantly higher speeds and greater bandwidth compared with EICs, which are limited by the slower movement of electrons. Massless photons can transmit without the same resis...